Kenny - Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy(1), Theology, philosophy and the history of ideas

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An Illustrated Brief History of
WESTERN
PHILOSOPHY
Anthony Kenny
iii
 © 1998, 2006 by Anthony Kenny
blackwell publishing
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The right of Anthony Kenny to be identified as the Author of this Work has
been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs,
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
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UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
First published as
A Brief History of Western Philosophy
1998 by
Blackwell Publishers Ltd
This edition first published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
1 2006
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kenny, Anthony John Patrick.
An illustrated brief history of western philosophy / Anthony Kenny.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-4180-2
ISBN-10: 1-4051-4180-8
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-4179-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-4179-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Philosophy—History. I. Title.
B72.K44 2006
190—dc22
2006001708
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Picture Researcher
: Helen Nash
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iv
 CONTENTS
Preface
x
List of Illustrations
xiii
Acknowledgements
xvi
I
Philosophy in its Infancy
1
The Milesians
2
Xenophanes
5
Heraclitus
6
The School of Parmenides
9
Empedocles
14
The Atomists
17
II
The Athens of Socrates
21
The Athenian Empire
21
Anaxagoras
23
The Sophists
24
Socrates
25
The
Euthyphro
28
The
Crito
31
The
Phaedo
31
III
The Philosophy of Plato
38
Life and Works
38
The Theory of Ideas
40
Plato’s
Republic
44
The
Theaetetus
and the
Sophist
54
v
 contents
IV
The System of Aristotle
61
Plato’s Pupil, Alexander’s Teacher
61
The Foundation of Logic
63
The Theory of Drama
67
Moral Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness
68
Moral Philosophy: Wisdom and Understanding
72
Politics
75
Science and Explanation
77
Words and Things
80
Motion and Change
81
Soul, Sense, and Intellect
83
Metaphysics
86
V
reek Philosophy after Aristotle
91
The Hellenistic Era
91
Epicureanism
93
Stoicism
95
Scepticism
97
Rome and its Empire
99
Jesus of Nazareth
100
Christianity and Gnosticism
102
Neo-Platonism
106
VI
Early Christian Philosophy
109
Arianism and Orthodoxy
109
The Theology of Incarnation
112
The Life of Augustine
114
The City of God and the Mystery of Grace
117
Boethius and Philoponus
120
VII
Early Medieval Philosophy
125
John the Scot
125
Alkindi and Avicenna
128
The Feudal System
130
Saint Anselm
131
Abelard and Héloïse
133
Abelard’s Logic
135
Abelard’s Ethics
137
Averroes
139
Maimonides
140
vi
 contents
VIII Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century
144
An Age of Innovation
144
Saint Bonaventure
147
Thirteenth-Century Logic
149
Aquinas’ Life and Works
150
Aquinas’ Natural Theology
152
Matter, Form, Substance, and Accident
154
Aquinas on Essence and Existence
156
Aquinas’ Philosophy of Mind
157
Aquinas’ Moral Philosophy
159
IX
Oxford Philosophers
164
The Fourteenth-Century University
164
Duns Scotus
165
Ockham’s Logic of Language
172
Ockham’s Political Theory
174
The Oxford Calculators
177
John Wyclif
178
X
Renaissance Philosophy
182
The Renaissance
182
Free-will: Rome vs. Louvain
183
Renaissance Platonism
186
Machiavelli
188
More’s Utopia
190
The Reformation
193
Post-Reformation Philosophy
197
Bruno and Galileo
199
Francis Bacon
201
XI
The Age of Descartes
206
The Wars of Religion
206
The Life of Descartes
207
The Doubt and the
Cogito
210
The Essence of Mind
212
God, Mind, and Body
214
The Material World
217
vii
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