Karta ateska 2003, Urbanistyka

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European Council of Town Planners
Conseil Européen des Urbanistes
The New Charter of Athens 2003
The European Council of Town Planners’
Vision for Cities in the 21
st
century
Lisbon, 20 November 2003
Introduction
The European Council of Town Planners (ECTP) is confident that in the 21
st
century
Europe will advance decisively towards the goal of integration. Within this developing
framework, the ECTP presents a common and widely shared
Vision
on the future of
European cities (Part A). This is a vision of a network of cities, which will:
retain their cultural richness and diversity, resulting from their long history, linking
the past through the present to the future;
become connected in a multitude of meaningful and functional networks;
remain creatively competitive whilst striving for complementarity and co-operation;
contribute decisively to the well-being of their inhabitants and users;
integrate the man-made and the natural elements of the environment.
Within the New Athens Charter 2003, the Vision also includes a framework for
implementation (Part B) consisting of:
a brief summary of the main issues and challenges that affect cities at the beginning
of the third millennium;
the commitments required by spatial planners in realising the Vision.
This 2003 version of the New Charter of Athens is addressed primarily to professional
planners working throughout Europe and those concerned with the planning process – to
give direction to their actions, for greater coherence in building a meaningful network of
cities in Europe connected through time, at all levels and in all sectors.
Spatial planning is vital for the delivery of sustainable development. In particular, it
concerns the prudent management of space, a critical natural resource, limited in supply,
but with growing demands upon it. It also requires trans-disciplinary teamwork involving
different skills at various scales in long-lasting processes. The particular attribute of the
planning profession is its ability to take a range of issues into account and to translate
them into spatial terms. The ECTP is aware of both the variety and the universality of the
planning profession in Europe as it takes into account the rich diversity of its cities and
regions.
New Charter of Athens – Final version – July 2003
1
PART A
The Vision
1.
T
HE
C
ONNECTED
C
ITY
In the second half of the 20
th
century, many dire predictions about the future of European
cities were expressed. They included the lowering of productivity, abandonment and
implosion of central areas, rampant crime, heavy pollution and dramatic environmental
degradation, as well as loss of identity. Happily, these predictions did not materialise,
although today the cities of the Old Continent are far from ideal as they face daunting
challenges.
In response, at the dawn of the new millennium, the European Council of Town Planners
proposes its vision. Neither a utopia, nor an outlandish projection of technological
innovations, it focuses on the
Connected City
– and is essentially a snapshot of how we
would like our cities to be, now and in the future. This vision is a goal towards which we,
the planners of Europe, are committed to work and to contribute, to the best of our
professional abilities - a goal that can be achieved by the combined efforts of all honest
stakeholders in the processes of sustainable urban development and management.
The connected city is comprised of a variety of connective mechanisms acting on
different scales. These include tactile and visual connection to the built environment, as
well as connections between a diversity of urban functions, infrastructure networks, and
information and communication technologies.
Connecting Through Time
Ancient settlements were created to provide shelter and safety for people and to exchange
products. They gave rise to organised societies, developed a wide range of skills, became
highly productive and grew into powerful centres of civilisation. They were built in
carefully selected places, maintaining a clear distinction between the city limits and the
surrounding rural and natural areas, even when fortifications became obsolete and were
removed.
Compared to urban areas in many other parts of the World, European cities are
distinguished by a long history of development, closely reflecting the characteristics of
the political, social and economic structures of nations. It is this history and diversity
which has made them different.
By contrast, the cities of 21
st
century Europe are becoming more difficult to distinguish,
as human activities, initially located within urban centres, are now spreading widely into
the hinterland, consuming rural and natural areas. Transportation and other infrastructure
networks, constructed to serve and connect these dispersed activities, actually fragment
and degrade space – the major non-renewable natural resource. Slowly, but inexorably,
the new complex networks link together small and large cities, so as to create an urban
New Charter of Athens – Final version – July 2003
2
continuum, already evident in many parts of Europe. In it, the classical cities become just
a component of the new networks. The effects of this damaging trend inevitably must be
addressed in any vision on the future of cities.
The future is built at every moment of the present through our actions. The past provides
invaluable lessons for the future. In many respects, the city of tomorrow is already with
us. There are many features of present city life which we cherish and value, and which
we hope to bequeath to future generations. What is the basic problem with our existing
cities? In our view, it is the lack of connectivity, not only in physical terms, but also in
relation to time, which affects social structures and cultural differences. This does not just
mean continuity of character in the built environment, but also continuity in identity,
which is in our view an important value to be fostered in a dynamic world
.
For the future,
the notion of the network city needs to be stressed, a series of poly-centric urban
networks, many of which transcend national boundaries within the new Europe.
2.
SOCIAL
CONNECTIVITY
The future welfare of humanity requires people to be considered both as individuals, with
specific freedoms of choice to be maintained, but also as communities connected to
society as a whole. This is an important goal for the connected city, which is responsive
to the interests of society as a whole, whilst having regard to the needs, rights and duties
of various cultural groups and of individual citizens.
Facilitating multi-cultural expression and exchanges among different social groups is
necessary but not sufficient. There are large economic disparities to be tackled within the
European Union, which are seemingly generated by the present system of free markets,
competition, and globalisation. If these trends continue, they will lead to the rupture of
the social and economic fabric. To avert this, a new approach to governance must
emerge, involving all stakeholders, and tackling social problems, such as unemployment,
poverty, exclusion, criminality and violence. Thus the city which is connected socially
will be able to provide a high degree of security and sense of ease.
Although these noble social objectives go beyond the scope of the planners’ mandate, the
connected European city of the 21
st
century will also provide a wide range of economic
and employment opportunities for all people living and working within it. At the same
time, it will secure for them better access to education, health and other social facilities.
New forms of social and economic structures will provide the diverse framework
required to eliminate social disruption created by imbalances.
Involvement
Future European cities will be used not only by resident citizens, but also by other
consumers of their facilities and services on a permanent or a temporary basis
New Athens Charter – Final version – July 2003 3
Social balance
(commuters and visitors). There will be foreign low-skilled workers, as well as highly
educated professionals (residing for long or short periods). Most probably these two
groups will figure prominently in the activities of a number of cities. As a consequence,
democratic institutions will respond to the needs and well-being of all these social
groups. Current systems of urban governance, limited mainly by the votes of permanent
residents, will not be able to respond equitably to the new social conditions, especially in
matters relating to urban development. In the connected city, new systems of
representation and participation will be developed, making full use of easier access to
information and the wider involvement of active citizens’ networks, thus giving them all -
residents and users- a voice on the future of their urban environment.
Sufficient time must be built into the decision-making processes relating to spatial
planning and development, so that social links can be established, and positive
interactions facilitated. At the same time it must be acknowledged that in the connected
city of the future, many groups of residents, both permanent and temporary, will be
content to make use of urban facilities and services without wanting to be involved in
local decision-making. Nevertheless, they will demand quality and will be prepared to
pay for the services and facilities which are provided.
Multi-cultural richness
Due to the growing trend towards European unification, which will have a slow but clear
impact on mobility and employment patterns, European cities will again become truly
multi-cultural, as well as multilingual. New connections will be established, involving a
delicate and adaptive balance, so that they maintain both their cultural and historical
heritage and character, and encourage each of the groups residing or working within them
to retain their own social and cultural characteristics, and to play a commensurate role in
considering issues relating to their social and physical environment. Sustainability –
integrating the economic, ecological and social dimensions of change, based on
participation and involvement – will be a pivotal objective for making this possible.
Connections between generations
The changing balance between the different age groups of an ageing European population
brings the need to restore the ties of cohesion between generations. This new and growing
social challenge must be addressed not only in social and economic terms, but also in the
establishment of adequate city support networks and infrastructure, including new
activities for the retired and elderly and public pedestrian spaces for interaction among all
age groups.
Social identity
The personal identity of citizens is strongly related to the identity of their cities. The
dynamics due to immigration in the connected city will contribute to the establishment of
newer and stronger urban identities. Each city will develop its own social and cultural
mix – a result of both their historical character and emerging developments. As a result,
New Charter of Athens – Final version – July 2003
4
there will continue to be a great diversity in the character and identity of cities and
regions in different parts of Europe.
In the connected city,
the exchanges among cultures in the urban environment and their
communication and gradual fusion will give city life a much greater richness and
diversity. This in turn will add to its overall attractiveness, not only as a residential
environment, but also as a place for work, education, business, and leisure.
In the European cities of the future, citizens will have a varied choice of transportation
modes at their disposal, together with accessible and responsive information networks.
In the connected city and its regional hinterland, new technologies will be applied
creatively to provide a variety of systems of transportation of persons and materials, and
of information flows. At the local scale, technology and traffic management will be
deployed to secure a decrease in the reliance on private vehicles. At the strategic scale,
linkages between neighbourhoods, cities and regions will be facilitated by the evolution
of the European transportation network, providing rapid, pleasant, sustainable, and
economical connections between places of work, living, leisure, and culture. Within city
networks, mobility will be improved by interchange facilities between the various modes
of transport. These improvements to infrastructure will be balanced with safeguarding
peoples´ options to live and work in quiet areas not connected to rapid transportation
networks
The spatial organisation of the connected city will include a full integration of
transportation and town planning policies. They will be complemented by more
imaginative urban design and easier access to information, thus minimising the need for
unnecessary travel. Ease of movement and access will be a critical element of city living,
together with greater choice in the mode of transport.
Facilities and Services
According to the needs of present and future citizens, housing and services will become
increasingly accessible – their provision will be flexibly adjusted to new and emerging
patterns of needs. More housing will be provided at affordable prices, in addition to
educational, commercial, cultural and recreational facilities and services. These will be
supported by running costs that citizens can afford, and complemented by a strong sense
of community identity and security.
3.
E
CONOMIC CONNECTIVITY
European cities of the 21
st
century will also be strongly connected at the economic level,
thus inducing the creation of a closely-knit financial network of great efficiency and
productivity, maintaining high levels of employment and ensuring a competitive edge in
New Athens Charter – Final version – July 2003 5
Movement & Mobility
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